Word Choice Peak, Peek, or Pique

Word Choice Peak, Peek, or Pique Word Choice: Peak, Peek, or Pique? Homophones are dangerous enough when we’re managing two words that sound the equivalent. Be that as it may, with â€Å"peak,† â€Å"peek,† and â€Å"pique,† we have a precarious homophonic trio to manage. In any case, what do these words mean? Furthermore, how might you stay away from mistakes in your composed work? Allow us to clarify. Pinnacle (Highest Point) A â€Å"peak† is normally the most elevated purpose of something. This may be a physical high point, for example, the most noteworthy point on a mountain: The pinnacle of Mount Everest is 29,029 feet above ocean level. Be that as it may, a â€Å"peak† can likewise be the high purpose of a movement or quality: Most competitors accomplish hit their top somewhere in the range of 26 and 28 years of age. For this situation, we’re discussing the age at which competitors perform best. And keeping in mind that â€Å"peak† is frequently a thing, it tends to be utilized as an action word or a descriptor: Survey considers topped one hour along with the program. I’ve been in top condition since I began working out. In the main sentence above, we use â€Å"peak† as an action word to mean â€Å"hit its most elevated point.† In the subsequent sentence, in the interim, â€Å"peak† is adjusting the thing â€Å"condition† (which means â€Å"top condition†). Take a look at this pinnacle. Look (A Quick or Secretive Glance) â€Å"Peek† can be either an action word or a thing. In either case, it alludes to investigating something. Utilizing it as an action word, for instance, we may state: He looked around the bend to check whether we were being followed. Or then again in the event that we needed to utilize it as a thing, we could state: I just took a look at your email the previous evening, yet I’ll read it in full tomorrow. Regardless of whether utilized as an action word or a thing, at that point, â€Å"peek† is constantly identified with taking a gander at something quickly or from a concealed position. Provoke (Irritation or Interest) â€Å"Pique† is an a lot rarer term than different words here. Be that as it may, it is utilized in some basic expressions, so it is valuable to comprehend what it implies. One of these expressions is â€Å"fit of pique,† which we use when somebody accomplishes something unexpectedly in light of the fact that they are irritated: He left the eatery in an attack of arouse when the server chuckled at him. Other than this, you may hear somebody state that something â€Å"piqued† their interest or intrigue. This feeling of â€Å"pique† is an action word that implies â€Å"arouse intrigue or curiosity†: The letter provoked my interest, so I composed back straight away. One regular mistake is to compose â€Å"peak my curiosity,† as certain individuals might suspect it implies â€Å"raise my interest to its most elevated point.† And while this bodes well, it isn't the right expression! Outline: Peak, Peek, or Pique? â€Å"Peak,† â€Å"peek,† and â€Å"pique† sound the equivalent, yet every ha its own importance: A pinnacle is the most elevated purpose of something. To look is for the most part to investigate something. Provoke can mean â€Å"irritation† or â€Å"arouse interest.† It is most usually utilized in expressions, for example, â€Å"a attack of pique† or â€Å"to arouse curiosity.† Make a point not to befuddle these terms! In the event that you’d like assistance guaranteeing your composing is without blunder, additionally, a touch of editing can go far.

Marketing and Management Co-operative Dairies

Question: Examine about the Marketing and Management Co-employable Dairies. Answer: Presentation The Fonterra Co-employable Group Limited is claimed by the agreeable dairy organizations and by the ranchers of the nation. The foundation of the organization occurred in 2001 after the deregulation that was finished by the administration. This aided in blending the biggest dairy organizations of New Zealand, which were New Zealand Dairy Group and Kiwi Co-employable Dairies. The organization presently has its quality felt in excess of hundred organizations and is perhaps the biggest exporter of dairy on the planet. The central command of the organization is situated in Auckland, New Zealand and has in excess of thirty assembling destinations, which is disseminated around the nation. The organization at present utilizes around 22,000 representatives who work for the association and causes the organization to accomplish the ideal targets (McGiven, 2016). Results of the organization The organization gathers milk from the providers who are primarily the ranchers and devours around 17 billion liters consistently, which is around 87 percent of the creation of milk in New Zealand. It likewise gains 4.9 billion liters milk from outside the nation through different ranchers and the joint endeavors that the organization has with others. The milk is then prepared and made in to different items, which changes from milk powder to frozen yogurt. The items are then bundled and disseminated the nation over and on a worldwide scale. It is seen that the creating nations are increasingly disposed towards high nourishment and brands that are related with wellbeing and favor the items, for example, Anlene and Anmum. The created nations incline toward items like Anchor and Tip Top, which can be separated by its taste. Different items that are created by Fonterra are Calci Yum, Country Soft, De Winkel, Fresh n Fruity, Galaxy, Ferndale, Primo and Kapiti to give some examples. The or ganization fabricates different dairy items that incorporate milk, margarine, frozen yogurt, bread, cheddar, yogurt, and milk powder (Sneddon et al., 2015). Vision The vision of the organization is to give nourishment that is picked up by dairy normally to everyone, regular and anyplace. Crucial The crucial the organization is to extend its activity all around and recognize the zones that have high qualities for request in milk with the goal that the organization can without much of a stretch accomplish the objectives. Objectives The objective of the organization is to assemble solid connections, which will keep going for a long haul with the accomplices and keep up the activities from the base degree of the association. Objective The goal of the organization is to expand the business volume and making more qualities by distinguishing new markets where it can work and address the issues of the purchasers as for necessities in dairy (Addison Esar, 2013). Natural Scanning: SWOT Analysis Strengths The organization has a consistent and made sure about gracefully of milk from the different ranchers in New Zealand. The ranchers have the trust in the organization in light of the long-standing relationship that the organization keeps up with the partners. The organization has converged with other dairy organizations that is available in New Zealand so the flexibly chain of the organization can be expanded and the assets that are accessible in different organizations can be used completely (Langford, 2013). Since, the clients of New Zealand expend huge amounts of dairy items, it causes the organization to sell effectively the items that they are producing. The organization recruits staffs that are most ideal appropriate for the activity in the organization. The workers are distributed the employments that they are sufficiently qualified to do and place their ability in full impact. Along these lines the organization does the administration of the representatives effectively (Harris Gibb, 2016). Shortcoming The organization keeps up a decent connection with the ranchers who gracefully them the milk for assembling the various items. The contenders can offer a superior cost for the milk and drop the agreement that the ranchers and providers have with Fonterra (Langford, 2013). The consolidations that the organization made with the two distinct organizations has made the covering of the assets that the organization has. This has made the effectiveness of the workers to decrease and is found in the creation procedure of the organization. The foundation and the migration of the assembling locales are taking substantial tolls from the perspective of the organization. As the crude materials are transient in nature, the reliance on the atmosphere and the environment is a central point for the organization as they are excessively dependable on it. These elements assume a significant job in hampering the profitability level of the organization (Harris Gibb, 2016). Openings Since, the organization has generosity in various nations over the globe; the passage to new markets won't make any boundary for them. This will assist the organization with gaining access in any market that they need to target (Langford, 2013). The World Trade Organization (WTO) through different arrangements has made the cost lower from the perspective of the providers, which causes the organization to buy the crude materials at a less expensive cost. The organization can build the brand personality by having a perfect green picture, which will add more qualities to its items before the clients. This picture will help the organization in selling more items and augmenting its benefits (Harris Gibb, 2016). Dangers The organization while going worldwide may confront rivalry from the neighborhood providers where they will expand the expense of the crude materials with the goal that the organization can't buy it. Along these lines, the nearby organizations will confine the section of Fonterra in the market. The contenders who gracefully dairy items on a nearby scale may adopt a worldwide strategy, which will hamper the business action of Fonterra (Langford, 2013). The media and the legitimate conventions of certain nations are extremely entangled, which will make the organization to postpone in their exercises of delivering the items in that nation. The organization needs to depend on the trade paces of the cash that they wish to pick up section. Since, the rates vacillate every day the organization should change the costs of the items as needs be, which will make them in having a negative brand picture before the clients (Harris Gibb, 2016). PESTEL Analysis: Political The administration of the nation has given rules to have a sound eating routine by expending more dairy items. The organization will have progressively potential in the sending out market because of the new exchange understandings that has occurred in the nation with the organization. There has been an expansion in the pressure between the ideological groups and the exchange understandings between New Zealand and different nations, which may hamper the deals of the organization. The abroad system has expanded the duties on the imported merchandise, which has empowered the neighborhood organizations to flourish (Patemoster, 2015). Prudent The downturns and the monetary emergency on a worldwide scale has seen a diminishing in the interest of the sent out merchandise. The steady change in the trade rates influences the organization decidedly or contrarily. The fares of the merchandise may become less expensive or costly relying upon the paces of different nations. The financing costs in the nation are high, which legitimately influences the ranchers who gracefully milk to the organization. It can confine the ventures on a long haul, which will bring about low efficiency of the organization (Pham Duy Chau, 2015). Socio-social The expansion or decline in the birth rate and the future of the individuals in the household and abroad market will influence the offer of milk items for the organization. Various individuals are having the option to recognize that they are lactose prejudiced, which influences the deals of the organization. The purchasers are progressively changing their preferences and standard of conduct that is they are moving their concentration from milk items to products of the soil natural teas (Lee et al., 2012). Mechanical The enhancements in foundation concerning transportation will see an expansion in the items to be circles at a diminished expense. This will help in fulfilling the clients and abatement the measure of wastage and shrinkage for the organization. The organization can utilize creative thoughts in bundling their items so the USP of the organization is kept up in the business sectors (Pham Duy Chau, 2015). Ecological The organization is vigorously reliant on the climate. On the off chance that there are any catastrophic events, which brings about flooding or some other calamities can influence the soundness of the bovines bringing about low quality of milk. The dairy cattle might be acquainted with maladies or bugs, which may influence the milk quality and cause passings in the crowd. The organization needs to see that the milk that is being utilized is from the bovines that are liberated from infections (Patemoster, 2015). Lawful The Health and Safety in Employment Act has been altered, which will influence the laborers in the homestead intensely. The Dairy Industry Restructuring Agreement guarantees that the ranchers are allowed to join and leave the organization and sees that the cost paid for the milk is reasonable. The organization is limited under Raw Milk Regulations, which sees that a specific part of the milk is accessible to the nearby processors and has the privilege to get to the money related data of the organization (Lee et al., 2012). Five Forces of Porter: New Entrants Since the legislature has deregulated the market structure in the nation, it makes the country an individual from the facilitated commerce economy. This will draw in the remote organizations, which will give hardened rivalry to the organization. The new members have a worldwide introduction, which will expand the cost of the portions of Fonterra in the fare showcase (Peet, 2012). Provider Fonterra has a drawn out relationship with the ranchers of the organization, which encourages them in getting the new gracefully of the milk from them. Along these lines, the organization has a bit of leeway of buying the milk at a lower cost on a worldwide scale too. This gives an opportun

Compare And Analyse The Work Of Vivienne Westwood And John Galliano

Compare And Analyse The Work Of Vivienne Westwood And John Galliano Compare And Analyse The Work Of Vivienne Westwood And John Galliano For Dior â€" Essay Example > The Comparison and Analysis of the Work of Vivienne Westwood and John Galliano for DiorVivienne Westwood had great reputation in fashion. She is known for her aesthetic trailblazer whose red hair is iconic and matches her personality. Many regard her as the most influential British designer in the 21st century. Vivienne Westwood was born in Glossop, Derbyshire in the year 1941, and she studied art and later taught, before she embarked on her fashion career. She later joined the rock impresario Malcolm McLarn, in the fashioning of an image for the British punk culture. This played a key role in the channeling of Westwood’s fascination with subcultures of the sadomasochism and fetishism, in the cloths that she designed and sold in various cloth lines like Let It Rock and Mr. McLaren’s store on Kings Road (Feminist Review, 1992, p. 241). On the other hand, John Galliano was born in the 1960s in Gibralta and he attended St. Anthony’s RC School and later the Wilson Grammar School , after which he went to Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. He drew his inspirations from the French Revolution and he later begun his own fashion label with Amanda Harlech. Vivienne Westwood in Kenya | Photo: Juergen Teller Vivienne Westwood in Kenya | Photo: Juergen Teller Vivienne Westwood in Kenya | Photo: Juergen Teller It is therefore clear that both John Galliano and Vivienne Westwood are the most influential designers we have had. They both created the most magnificent fashion of all times. John Galliano is known for the degree collections named the Les Incroyables, which is highly attributed to the drastic changes to the London art school that he owned, to the French Revolutionary street scene (McDowell, 2000, p. 45). It may be argued that fashion is driven by the desires of the designers and Vivienne Westwood understood this very well. Although it is not clear as to what can drive ethical fashion, the wish to semaphore is of a caring nature of a person walk ing through life in shoes. Westwood was a style setter who was chic enough to rock the hand-loomed hair poncho. She understood fashion and she had love for glamour. Westwood had an effervescent taste for the fashion and this assisted her in setting the path for the generation of fashion lebels. She excised what is regarded by many as the creative freedom, the allegorical collections which had a great deal of influence in the ethnic dress as well as the huge influence on Galliano and some of his early collections. Galliano has had a romantic and sensible eccentric in his design, and this has contributed to the emergence of the new romantic club scene. He had a talent that was noticed upon his graduation, and this drew a lot of historical references from French Revolution. Although the cloths were an exaggeration of a form of historical references, what was men’s wear was used by Westwood as a point of reference for her collection, ‘Pirates’. Galliano reinterpreted the appeara nce of the wear and customized it to meet his own views. This was his first collection that clearly drew inspirations for his sophistication and the extraordinary creativity. This has remained his distinguishing trademark for his cloths (Feminist Review, 1992, p. 267).

Essay about The Downfall of Enron - 1734 Words

Ethical behavior, in a general sense, is a definition of moral behavior in regards to lawfulness, societal standards, and things of that nature. In the business world, ethics commonly refer to acceptable and unacceptable business practices within the workplace, and all other related environments. The acceptance of colleges regardless of ethnicity, gender, and beliefs, as well as truthfulness and honesty in relation to finances within the company are examples of ideal ethical business conducts. Unethical business behavior would include manipulating procedures based on bias or discrimination, engaging in activities that promote political gain, as well as blatant fabrication of monetary factors within the company and â€Å"can affect†¦show more content†¦In 1985, Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, a natural gas pipeline company, merged, and Lay became CEO of both houses. In 1986, after many changes and more growth, the firm changes its name to Enron and relocated to Layâ€⠄¢s hometown of Houston, Texas. At this time Enron was both a natural gas and oil company. The company specialized in the moving of natural gas through its pipelines, extending thousands of miles across the continental United States. As the firm continued to flourish, it reformed its commercial approach by becoming a leading producer and distributer of energy in both the United States and the U.K., as well as becoming more involved in the trading market. Ambition and determination truly carried Enron to new heights, helping it to become one of the most powerful and innovative companies in the United States, even being â€Å"voted Most Innovative among FORTUNES Most Admired Companies† for â€Å"six years running† (Helyar). However, with much success, temptation arose, and good intentions were led astray. Damaging arrogance, risky behavior, and deception ultimately warranted the demise of the mighty Enron. Enron was often praised for pioneering a more libertarian view, an influence often accredited to a man by the name of Jeffery Skilling. Being the CEO of an Enron secondary company, â€Å"Enron Finance† (Probert), Skilling possessed the ability to directly influence the very structure of the naturalShow MoreRelatedThe Downfall of Enron1573 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Enron: The fallout from the accounting scandal Determine the primary factors that contributed to the downfall of Enrons financial practices Corporate managers are expected to maximize investor returns while complying with regulatory standards, avoiding principal-agent conflicts of interest, and enhancing the reputational capital of their firms (Patrick Shearer 2002). Before its demise, the energy company Enron was envied for its burgeoning balance sheets. 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The historical performance of Enron’s rising share prices, coupled to the constant positive media at tentions, only added fuel to the fire in terms of Enron’s competitive culture.Read More Deception, Fraud, and the Collapse of Enron Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagesand the Collapse of Enron Introduction From America’s 7th most valuable company in December 2000, to a company in ruins by early 2002, Enron has been involved in one of the most incredible reverses of fortune ever. With shares riding high on Wall Street at $84.87 on the 28th December 2000, and awards such as â€Å"America’s most innovative company† from Fortune Magazine 6 years running, and â€Å"Energy Company of the Year† from the Financial Times also in 2000, it looked as though Enron were promising to

Societies Maintaining Control in The Allegory of the Cave...

In â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† and â€Å"The Giver,† these societies maintain control in different ways. In â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† the prisoners are physically restrained, but on the other hand, the community members in â€Å"The Giver† have a precision of language rule. â€Å"The people have been†¦ shackled by the legs and neck...unable to turn their heads around.† The puppeteers in â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† have controlled the prisoners by shackling them by their legs and neck so they cannot move. They cannot go against the puppeteers nor can they move freely to do whatever they want so, the prisoners do what the puppeteers tell them. â€Å"‘Do you love me?’... ‘Jonas. You, of all people. Precision of language, please!’... ‘our community can’t function smoothly if people don’t use precise language.’† (127) This quote in â€Å"The Giver† shows how pre cision of language controls the members of the community and cannot function without it. It limits a range of experience by using more precise words, so they would not over react. While the puppeteers maintain control of the prisoners physically, the Elders sustain it by controlling them mentally. The societies in â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† and â€Å"The Giver,† maintain control in similar ways too. In â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† and â€Å"The Giver,† the â€Å"controllers† both limit the range of experience of the members in the community. â€Å"Thus they stay in the same place so that there is only one thing for them to look at: whatever they encounter in front of

International Marketing Vifon to Japan Free Essays

string(50) " chains broke their records for operating profit\." Japan is still the 2nd biggest retail market in the world with 127 million consumers that appreciate high quality and excellent service. China may have more factories these days, but how many people there can really afford western goods? When it comes to measure market size, Japan still accounts for more than 55% of the whole Asian retail market. Japan is also the nation with the highest demand for foods imports as it has the lowest self-sufficiency rate (39% only), 61% of all foods consumed in Japan is imported (United Nations, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Vifon to Japan or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 2011 the Japanese retail market had to cope with the March 11, 2011 shock and then compensate for the various after effects. Initially consumption spiked with the mass purchases of emergency items such as bottled water and batteries, followed by corresponding declines in purchases like party items and non-essential goods. The economy shifted from a rocky footing onto a more stable pathway by summer and consumer behaviour normalized. Japanese consumer adapted to new preferences in reaction to the events, changing retail market demands significantly. First, Japanese consumers began eating out less, while having meals at home more. This has led to an increase in the Home Meal Replacement (HMR) sector, as well as the frozen food sector. Second, Japanese consumers are more attentive to products with longer shelf life, in case of future emergency situations. The Japanese retail market is dominated by two demographics: Young career seeking individuals in single person households B. Market breakdown Total retail sales including food, beverages, general merchandise, fabrics, apparel, and accessories in Japan amounted to $832. 6 billion in 2011. Of this fgure the total food and beverage retail sales amount was $527. billion. Total retail sales have increased each year since 2008. In 2007, there were total retail sales of $614. 6 billion and food beverages sales of $370. 6 billion. Below are the total sales fgures: C. Food sales 2011 The Japanese retail food industry in 2011 experienced growth across all three categories of large and conventional supermarkets, department stores, and convenience stores. As stated previously the resilience of the industry and its ability to quickly adapt to the market changes along with economic growth in the latter half 2009 to 2011 for the three retail categories D. Food and Beverage Sales Japan While food sales grew across all segments, overall sales growth was observed in most regions of Japan as many households spent more time and money purchasing food items to consume at home rather than spending money at restaurants in 2011. Restaurant spending did increase in 2011, but food purchases for home consumption were the larger portion of spending. Japanese real economic growth rate for 2011 was estimated at minus 0. 4% by the Bank of Japan. The negative growth rate was expected due to the hardships that had to be overcome, but it is important to keep in ind that even in an environment of stagnant sales; geographic markets in Japan are quite sizable – often exceeding that of entire countries. E. Establishment Trends In 2011, supermarkets and convenience stores continued to be the primary distribution channel for food in Japan. The market has been relatively stable over the last 3 years with the only notable trend that department stores are losing ground slightly, but this corresponds with the decline of department store sales in general. F. Large Scale and Conventional Supermarkets Japan Supermarkets in Japan represent the largest provider of food and within the upermarket sector the top 5 companies (AEON, Ito Yokado, Uny, Daiei, and Life Corp. ) represent 65% of all sales. 1. Target Market As the Japanese market continues to mature, supermarket giants have strengthened their networks to reach single adults and Generation M. The older generation especially has wealth to spend they are targeting this group by changing store hours. In addition to opening early, supermarkets have special promotions related to these early bird specials – resulting in more foot traffic especially among the elderly population. 2. Price Competition Price competition has become more intense and is a major feature of the upermarket business in Japan. Supermarkets are reducing costs and improving their infrastructures through restructuring and closing unprofitable stores in an effort to improve efficiency. The companies which have succeeded to reduce management cost and to prevent losses have regained their profit. Speciality supermarkets are important for export products because these stores carry products with higher prices. Their focus is own branded import foods and beverages, there is about 900 speciality supermarkets within the top 10 chains, plus about 200 POS as 3. Company Highlights The following table highlights the Japanese supermarket industry food sales, and the percentage component those sales represent. The general trend has been greater food sales in 2011. G. Convenience Stores (CVS) Japan There is a total number of about 48,000 convenience stores in Japan. In 2011 convenience stores were proactive and were one of the first retailers to move into the Northeast Japan area. The mobility of convenience store operations, smaller size, and less SKUs allowed convenience stores to play a vital role in supplying the region. One way convenience stores helped after the disaster was by releasing â€Å"Mobile Convenience Stores†. These are small 3 ton trucks which can hold up to 300 items of â€Å"bento boxes†, rice balls, drinks, and snacks. These trucks were used in areas where stores were destroyed or where evacuees had trouble accessing food. Convenience stores in 2011 continued strategies to develop and maintain efficient networks. Convenience stores for the top 7 operators in 2010 numbered 41,663 and in 2011 the total number of convenience stores in Japan increased by 13. 4% to 48,139 according to the Nikkei fiscal 2011 convenience store survey. This expansion and competitive trend will continue in 2012 as the top 5 convenience stores plan on opening over ,700 new stores. Food sales grew again in 2011 by an additional $8 billion and three of the top 4 convenience store chains broke their records for operating profit. You read "International Marketing Vifon to Japan" in category "Papers" Profits were boosted by female and elderly customers buying fresh food, desserts, and ready to eat meals in the aftermath of the quake. Seven Eleven became the first Japanese retailer to achieve more than trillion ($37. 1 billion) in annual sales. With the earnings in 2011, convenience stores are set to once again expand outlets and network capabilities in 2012. H. Department Stores Japan Since the 1980s Japanese department stores have faced steeper competition from he growth of supermarkets, malls, and convenience stores. Department stores generally have a variety of shops and services, with the basement level having a grocery or eatery shops. ln 2011 department store food sales amounted to $23. 9 billion, representing 12. 3% of the Retail Food market in Japan. Over the last decade total department store sales of non-food products have declined. However, food sales at department stores have grown because of premium products, location, and the use of the depachika. Depachika means the basement floor of the department store where fresh food halls are traditionally located. Traditionally, depachika was a quiet retail food location. This changed when shops introduced high-quality HMR, creating a new niche food market in Japan. In addition, famous restaurants became tenants and lent their brand names to popularize depachika. The depachika phenomenon customers to department stores. Department stores are often attached to large train stations (such as the newly opened Shibuya Hikarie owned and operated by Tokyu Corp). Because of the proximity to the stations, pedestrians can easily access depachika eateries; Tokyu Corp’s Hikarie location is estimated to attract 14 million isitors a year, with 200 shops, and many of the eateries staying open until 4am on weekends. Pricing, Quality and Premium Department stores usually carry imported branded products, but they are typically in low quantities. Many of the items are packaged as take-and-go products due to the proximity to stations and the premium nature of the products for use as gifts. l. Consumer Preferences Japan Japanese consumers have some general historic preferences that one should consider. Japan is a nation that prefers convenience, quality, and single-serving sizes. Returning to the latter item, an estimated 3. 3 million people commute into Tokyo every day according to Tokyo Metropolitan government. The commute is mostly done via train and then on foot. Therefore convenience and accessibility are highly valued by Japanese consumers. J. Recent Retail Trends in Japan There are recent trends of burgeoning growth for Private Brands, Healthy Foods, Eco- friendly or Energy saving foods (typically as frozen foods), market consolidation for greater efficiency, and new retail ideas to meet new demands. Energy efficient foods (frozen foods – bento dashi), prepared foods (Home Meal Replacements – HMR), and esserts have all seen a strong market growth. Healthy or Functional foods continue to be important. WHOLESALE MIDDLEMEN IN JAPAN Wholesalers are middlemen who purchase only to resell, and whose customers are often not final demanders but instead retailers or other wholesalers. Any sensible analysis of wholesaling needs to begin by recognizing that middlemen of all sorts lower the costs of trading rather than adding to them; otherwise they could not charge prices that their customers willingly pay and that cover their own costs. The costs of middlemen are transactions costs by definition; they are costs of activities hat are either essential to trade or that facilitate trade. These include the costs of assuring ownership rights, detecting the quality of traded goods, discovering valuable trading opportunities, negotiating mutually agreeable terms, and so on. Those who can perform these services at costs that are lower than the middleman;s spread (difference between bid price and asking price) to the lowest level that Just covers their own costs. In all these respects, wholesaling in Japan surely resembles wholesaling in other nations; but there is one thing about wholesaling in Japan that stands out. The peculiar thing about wholesaling in Japan is the often large number of separate wholesalers through whose hands goods pass before reaching their ultimate destinations on the shelves of retail stores. One indication of this fact is the large percentage of merchant wholesalers’ sales that are to other wholesalers: 41. 9% for Japan versus 24. 8% for the US and 16. 2% for West Germany. A more precise indication of the numbers of wholesale steps in Japan can be constructed from data on the gross markup of retailers’ prices over manufacturers’ prices and from the average price spreads of all wholesalers. Dividing the total price markup in a wholesale chain by the average price spread of all wholesalers gives an estimate of the number of wholesalers in the chain. The average total price markup in wholesale chains is in fact less in Japan than in the US, but the average price markup of each wholesaler is also less in Japan than in the US, so we infer that on the average Japanese marketing channels have a greater number of wholesale steps. The typical or average marketing channels in Japan includes two wholesalers in sequence while that in the US includes only one. The common held view that wholesale marketing hannels are longer or have more steps in Japan than in the US is thus supported. Japan’s multiplicity of wholesale steps reflects its proliferation of retail outlets. Retail business like food, liquor, and toiletries that have vastly more outlets person in Japan than in the US also tend to have more wholesale steps in Japan. One further fact about wholesale marketing channels in Japan is worth iterating. Marketing channels that have particularly many wholesale steps in the US. For instance, fresh fish, meat, and vegetables all have more wholesale steps than most other kinds of business in both nations. Shoes and apparel have relatively few wholesale steps in both countries. Common forces appear to be operative in the economies of both Japan and America. Marketing channels in Japan and elsewhere reflect the calculated attempts of profit-seeking entrepreneurs to economize on transport costs, to avert spoilage, and to collect and act on information about the local demands for goods. The same is true of other aspects of Japanese marketing channels, including that which we next address, the contractual arragements among channel members. MEDIA According to the latest survey on the time-usage of the Japanese (Kokumin Seikatsu- Jikan Chosa) done in October 1995 by NHK Oapan Governmental Broadcasting Corporation), the average Japanese watches television for three hours and twenty- eight minutes a day. This nation-wide survey has been conducted every five years, and the time spent watching TV in 1995 was longer than that of 1990 by more than TV broadcasting began in Japan in 1953. The same survey reports that the average Japanese reads a newspaper for twenty one minutes a day, which is so short compared to the time spent watching TV. In addition the time spent reading newspapers has not changed so much for the past twenty five years (19 min. 1970, 20 in. 975, 21 min. 1980, 20 min. 1985, 20 min. 1990). Another survey reports that already in 1962 more than a half of the Japanese got news information mainly not from newspaper but from television, and this trend is by far more evident than ever at present. Thus the role of the TV in the Japanese everyday life is so big, but as we will see later we cannot always s ay that the social position of it is high in the social information environment of Japan. And this is also the case of other developed countries like the I-JK, about seventy percent of whose people got news information not from newspapers but from television in 1993. How to cite International Marketing Vifon to Japan, Papers

Literary heroes in Middle English romances Essays - Cephalophores

Literary heroes in Middle English romances Literary heroes in Middle English romances often go on great quests, which can be both internal and external tests. The heroes often face many obstacles before their final tests. In Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain's external quest to find the Green Chapel is complicated by harsh weather and "met with many mishaps and mortal harms" (725): Now with serpents he wars, now with savage wolves, Now with wild men of the woods, that watched from the rocks, Both with bulls and with bears, and with boars besides, And giants that came gibbering from the jagged steeps. (720-723) These obstacles that Gawain faces are not described, which emphasizes the obstacles complicating Gawain's internal quest. The greatest obstacle Gawain faces is a woman, who he will blame for causing his downfall, which results when he fails his internal quest to be a courteous and loyal knight. Gawain begins his internal quest when Bercilak proposes a game, "'Whatever I win in the woods I will give you ate eve, / And all you have earned you must offer to me...'" (1106-1108). This game will test Gawain's morals by challenging his duty as a courteous knight to do as a lady wishes, even though this violates his loyalty to Bercilak. Gawain is tested for three days as the lady of the house attempts to seduce him, while her husband is in the woods hunting. The lady blatantly states: 'My body is here at hand, Your each wish to fulfill; Your servant to command I am, and shall be still'. (1237-1240) While it is clear that the lady wishes to give her body to Gawain, he does not accept her, thus she appeals to his courteous knighthood and asks for a mere kiss. Gawain responds, "'Good lady, I grant it at once! / I shall kiss at your command, as becomes a knight, / And more, lest you mislike, so let be, I pray.'" Gawain happily upholds his knightly duty to do as the lady requests, as well as enjoys listening to her constantly praise him. In his A Reading of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, J.A. Burrow states, "...the poet makes us aware-though only vaguely as yet-of the moral issues stirring beneath the surface of the dialogue....The knight faces a challenge in the lady's compliments." (83). That night when Bercilak gives Gawain the ribs from the days hunt, Gawain gives Bercilak the kiss that he received from the lady. While it seems that Gawain has past the test, it can be argued that he did not give Bercilak the praise that he received from the lady. Because Gawain does praise the game Bercilak killed, failing to praise Bercilak further may be viewed as a minor mistake, which does not deflect from Gawain's moral character. In both the first and the second temptation scenes, the lady presents sex as her objective. As in the first scene, Gawain resists sexual temptation the second day and merely kisses the lady. As Burrow states, "Notice that there is no question...of Gawain's being wrong to accept the lady's kisses. They are not in themselves adulterous, and-always providing Gawain pays them over at the exchange-they do not, apparently, involve any breach of faith with his host" (85). That night, Gawain kisses Bercilak, but fails to return the praise that he gained. This ethical shortcut does not concern the poet because he writes: Thus she tested his temper and tried many a time, Whatever her true intent, to entice him to sin, But so fair was his defense that no fault appeared, Nor evil on either hand, but only bliss they knew. (1149-1153) Once again, an ethical shortcut allowed Gawain to pass the moral test by being courteous to the lady and remaining loyal to the lord. The obstacle becomes more difficult in the third seduction scene when the lady changes her strategy. She no longer offers love or sex, instead she offers life with the green girdle, "'If he bore it on his body, belted about, / There is no hand under heaven that could hew him down, / For he could not be killed by any craft on earth.'" Gawain accepts the girdle and promises the lady that he will not tell the Bercilak about the gift. That night when